https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/arsenic-removal-filter

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Arsenic is a groundwater contaminant naturally present in rocks and soils, though may also result from industrial activities. When present at levels over 10 μg/L, arsenic can detrimentally impact human health and should be addressed as soon as possible. It can be removed from groundwater by oxidation followed by filtration, precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange processes or reverse osmosis.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/fluoride-removal-filter

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Fluoride is a groundwater contaminant naturally present in rocks and soils (commonly volcanic-derived sediments). At levels over 1.5 mg/L, it can detrimentally impact human health. As the health impacts result from prolonged consumption, Fluoride Removal is mostly relevant for the recovery phase and protracted emergencies.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/solar-disinfection-sodis

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Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS) purifies low turbidity water for drinking purposes through a combination of heat, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and visible light radiation given by solar energy. It is appropriate for disinfecting small quantities of water with a low turbidity.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/ultraviolet-uv-lamp

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A UV Lamp is a non-chemical means of disinfecting water at household level, effective against all classes of pathogens and requiring only seconds of contact time. It uses short-wavelength UV irradiation in the range of 200–300 nm generated from mercury lamps or from UV light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/pasteurisation

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Water Pasteurisation uses heat to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms. Most protozoa, bacteria and viruses are inactivated at temperatures between 60–70° C and an exposure time of at least 1 min, though some bacterial spores and protozoan cysts require longer exposure. In practice, water pasteurisation means maintaining water at 70° C for 15 minutes.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/boiling

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Boiling water is the oldest and most used method to disinfect small quantities of water at the household level worldwide. Boiling water inactivates all microorganisms including bacteria, protozoa and viruses, but does not remove turbidity or chemical contaminants from drinking water.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/coagulation-sedimentation-and-chlorination

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Combined Coagulation, Sedimentation and Chlorination is available for household use as small sachets of coagulant and a time-release form of chlorine. The coagulant reduces turbidity (‘muddiness’), while the chlorine, which activates after some time, disinfects by inactivating pathogenic microorganisms. A single sachet treats a volume of water defined by manufacturer (e.g. 10 or 20 L) within 30 minutes.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/point-of-supply-chlorination

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Point-of-Supply Chlorination at community water points, schools, health centres and water tanks involves the installation of a device at the water point that is operated by water pressure. The device continuously releases a dose of chlorine into the collected water by dissolving solid chlorine media or by dosing liquid chlorine. Disinfection occurs during the transport of water to the home and storage in the container. During disease outbreaks, the dosing of chlorine can be done manually (bucket Chlorination).

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/point-of-use-chlorination

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Chlorination is a relatively quick, inexpensive and simple household disinfection method. Adding chlorine or chlorine compounds in either liquid form or tablets/powder to water effectively inactivates microorganisms. Sufficient chlorine levels can provide residual protection from recontamination.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/biosand-filtration

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Biosand Filters (BSF) remove suspended solids and microbial contaminants from water with varying levels of turbidity through a combination of physical and biological processes. They are an adaptation of the continuousflow traditional Slow Sand Filter T.9 and can be used intermittently, making them suitable for household use.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/membrane-filtration

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Household Membrane Filters generally use ultrafiltration (UF) or microfiltration (MF) membranes as flat sheet or hollow fibre modules. Water is filtered by gravity or manual pumping. Particles, colloids, protozoa, bacteria and viruses are retained on the membrane surface. The removal performance depends on the pore size of the membrane and its manufacturing quality.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/ceramic-filtration

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A Ceramic Filter is a mechanical filtration device made of clay that traps particles and micro- organisms within the ceramic element, which can be a pot, candle or disc. Ceramic Filters typically consist of two parts, the top containing raw water together with the ceramic element, and the bottom containing the filtered water and a tap. Ceramic Filters can also be plumbed directly into a pressurised water pipe.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/handwashing-facility

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Proper and frequent handwashing with soap is one of the most important measures to prevent the transmission of diarrhoea and respiratory diseases. Handwashing Facilities should be available next to toilets, food preparation areas and other critical locations in households, schools, health care facilities and other institutions and public spaces. When a piped water supply is not available, handwashing stations require constant refilling with water and a supply of soap.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/safe-water-storage

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Safe Water Storage prevents (re-) contamination during storage in the home, protecting water from contact with hands, cups/dippers, animals, dirt and pathogens. It is important in all phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/large-scale-distribution-system

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Large-Scale Distribution Systems transfer water from a source or treatment facility via pipes to the final distribution point (communal or household taps) using different means of energy, such as gravity or pumps. In an emergency context, these are systems that already exist, but may need repair or rehabilitation.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/community-distribution-system

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Community Distribution Systems transfer water from a source or treatment facility via pipes to the final distribution point (communal or household taps) using various energy sources, such as gravity or pumps. In the acute response phase, small-scale systems can be used, while medium-scale systems are more likely in the stabilisation and recovery phases.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/water-storage-tank-long-term-locally-built

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Water Storage Tanks hold large volumes of water, usually balancing supply and demand of drinking water before distribution. They are suited to all phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/water-storage-tank-transportable

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A Water Storage Tank holds large volumes of water, usually balancing supply and demand of drinking water before distribution. Transportable Water Storage Tanks (flexible or demountable rigid) can be assembled rapidly when needed. They are mainly used at the onset of an emergency to enable immediate water distribution and may also form a part of the water distribution system in the medium term.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/water-kiosk

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Water Kiosks are a type of direct water vendor (see D.2 ) that is located at a fixed location from which consumers purchase and collect water, as opposed to distributing vendors who deliver to the purchaser. This stationary vending location might also store and/or post-treat the water. Water Kiosks help fill the gap in water provision, allowing water to be accessible to households in areas with insufficient water distribution infrastructure. Where this service already exists, it will most likely to continue to function or can be rebuilt during an emergency. During acute emergencies, they are commonly not operated commercially.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/water-trucking

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Water Trucking (or water tankering) refers to the bulk transport of water from the source to a storage facility near a distribution point. During the acute and stabilisation phases of an emergency, these trucks may be used to provide short-term transport of water to communal water points.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/water-vendor-cart

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Water Vendors resell and distribute utility water or water from other sources. They fill a gap in water provision when there is no functional household distribution network or for places not covered by humanitarian supplies during (urban) emergencies. In cities, they can provide water to a significant proportion of the population and can play an important role in securing supplies. Where this service exists, it will most likely continue to function during an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/household-water-container

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Household Water Containers are lightweight plastic or metal Containers with a lid that can be carried by one person. They are most often used to carry water manually from the point of collection to the point of use (usually the home) (see S.8 ) and can also be used as storage Containers in the home. They are suited to all phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/nanofiltration-nf-reverse-osmosis-ro

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Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis (NF/RO) have essentially the same equipment arrangements, and both remove contaminants by applying pressure to water across a semi-permeable membrane. RO is used to desalinate brackish water and seawater and removes organic and inorganic compounds (e.g. nitrate) and microorganisms. The key difference is that NF removes less salt (e.g. NaCl) and other monovalent ions than RO and is mainly used to remove colour, organic contaminants (e.g. pesticides) and lower the hardness (softening). Distillation, such as a solar still made of local materials, is a potential alternative. A related method, membrane distillation, is typically not commercially available.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/ozonation

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Ozonation is a water treatment process that destroys microorganisms and degrades organic pollutants through the infusion of ozone, a gas produced by subjecting oxygen molecules to a high electrical voltage. During emergencies, the technology is mainly applicable in the stabilisation and recovery phases in urban contexts, where the experience in using such systems already exists.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/granular-activated-carbon-gac

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Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) is the most used adsorption method in drinking water to remove taste, odour and colour-causing compounds, natural organic matter, disinfection by-products and synthetic organic chemicals present in the source water. GAC is also used for vapour treatment to remove noxious odours and contaminants. In small-scale treatment plants, it is often used for chlorine and chloramine removal. GAC can be used in all phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/arsenic-removal-technologies

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Arsenic is a groundwater contaminant derived from naturally occurring minerals present in rocks and soils (commonly in young alluvial sediments) as well as from industrial activities (e.g. mining). When present at levels over 10 μg/L, arsenic can directly impact human health and should be addressed as soon as possible at any phase of an emergency. Arsenic can be removed from groundwater by precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange or Reverse Osmosis T.15 .

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/fluoride-removal-technologies

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Fluoride is a groundwater contaminant derived from minerals present in rocks and soils (commonly volcanic-derived sediments). At levels over 1.5 mg/L, it can directly impact human health so must be removed to ensure a safe water supply. Nonetheless, as the negative health impacts only occur over the long term and because they are time consuming to establish, Fluoride Removal processes are more suited to the stabilisation and recovery phases.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/ultrafiltration-uf

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Ultrafiltration (UF) is part of the family of pressurised membrane filtration systems that can purify water from undissolved and most dissolved substances. UF is used as a final treatment step and can be applied in the acute response as well as in the stabilisation and recovery phases of emergencies.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/slow-sand-filtration

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Slow Sand Filters remove suspended solids and pathogens from water with varying levels of turbidity (or ‘muddiness’) using fine sand as the filtration medium. They are used as a final treatment step and are most applicable in the stabilisation and recovery phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/ultraviolet-uv-light

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Under correct design and operational conditions, Ultraviolet (UV) Light can have anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties and can destroy pathogenic organisms in nonturbid water.